中国传统文化词汇（四）
在中国悠久的历史中，传统文化得到了持续的传承与发展，也塑造了中国文化有别于世界其它文化的特点。在将中国文化译介到其它语言里，如何准确以及正确地用其他语言表达，是一个极大的挑战。
不过，经过几代翻译者的努力，很多中国传统文化词汇都形成了较为固定的表达方式，也获得了英语本族语人士的认可。
翻吧君收集了一些有关中国传统文化的词汇，在此与大家共享和学习。以下是
第二部分中国文字与绘画。
（更正：第一部分出现了一些拼写错误，在此更正：Spring Festival couplets春联、Visiting Temple Fairs 赶庙会、filial piety孝顺。rural 感谢同学们的指正！）
第三部分民居、中医和武术
Chinese food中国饮食
Beijing Cuisine and Snacks 北京菜与小吃
Beijing, as the nation’s capital for several dynasties, has a large pool of gourmet foods and first-rate chefs (北京是几朝古都，各地美食风味云集，名厨高手荟萃). Mutual influences between ethnics have built Beijing’s cuisine a style of its own (各民族饮食风俗在此相互影响，使得北京菜具有了别具一格、自成一体的特色).
The Roast Duck 北京烤鸭
The Roast Duck, made of tianya 填鸭(the force-fed duck) has enjoyed its fame for over 1000 years. It’s delicious, crispy on the outside and tender in the inside (它的特点是皮脆肉嫩、味美醇香). When you eat it, you take some slices of the duck, some cucumber and green union head slices, dip them in sweet source 甜面酱and finally roll them up in a piece of Chunbing 春饼(spring pancake). And then, you can enjoy it.
Instant-boiled Mutton 涮羊肉
Cut the mutton into thin slices and boil it in the hot pot for a few minutes before you eat it with a dip of a special sauce mix. The dish instant-boiled mutton gets its name for the shortness of its cooking time. It’s also called the mutton hot pot 羊肉火锅, for which Beijing ‘s “Donglaishun 东来顺” chain-restaurants连锁店are best-known.
Manhan Quanxi 满汉全席
Xi 席is the name the Chinese given to a formal banquet, while Manhan Quanxi is such a banquet that bears the characteristics of both Manchurian（满族）and Han cuisines. It covers more than 190 courses of delicacies and 120 snakes, divided into six rounds（六轮）in three days to finish. The eating is usually accompanied by classical Chinese music played by masterly musicians (用餐环境优雅，席间还有名师古乐伴奏).
Beijing Snakes 北京小吃
Snakes are small refreshments for breakfast, night snakes, and cakes and sweetmeats (茶食). There’re over 300 kinds of snakes in Beijing, covering flavors of Han nationality, Hui nationality and the royalty (北京小吃众多，包括汉民风味小吃、回民风味小吃和宫廷风味小吃，共300多种).
Cantonese Cuisine and Snakes广东菜与小吃
The Cantonese cuisine, simply called the Yue 粤(the simplified name for Canton) cuisine, consists of Guangzhou 广州, Chaozhou 潮州, and Dongjiang 东江flavors, but mainly of Guangzhou flavor. The Yue cuisine lays stress on keeping the original flavor of the material, and is known for its fresh taste and tenderness (粤菜烹调时，注重保持主料原有的鲜味，以鲜嫩爽滑而闻名). Roast Suckling Pigs 烤乳猪, White Cooked Chicken 白斩鸡, and White Boiled Shrimps 白灼虾 are among the best known dishes.
Seafood Dishes 海鲜菜
The seafood dishes cover a variety of sea fish and shellfish. The freshness and light taste of the fish are very important to the restaurant goers. So it is a common practice for the customers to take the desired fish right from the restaurant tank, which will be cooked instantly (所以，一般即买即烹，顾客可以在餐馆内的海鲜池中选择自己喜好的海产品，当场交给厨师制作). They are steamed in clear soup (清蒸), or scalded in boiling water (焯烫), and eaten with proper seasonings（调味品）.
Cantonese Snakes 广东小吃
The Cantonese snakes are usually sold in sidewalk eateries（['iːtərɪ] n. 简便饮食店；小饭馆）. They are also available at teahouses and restaurants, where they serve both morning and night snakes, such as Shrimp Dumplings 虾饺, Changfen 肠粉, Water Chestnut Cakes 马蹄糕, and Chashaobao 叉烧包.
Sichuan Cuisine and Snakes 四川菜与小吃
Sichuan cuisine, known for its strong and rich flavors -- spicy, fish-flavored, odd tastes. Famous dishes include Zhangcha Duck （樟茶鸭）(duck marinated and cooked in camphor tea, salt and other seasonings), Shuizhu Roupian 水煮肉片, Shuizhu Yu 水煮鱼(the instant cooked spicy pork, fish or beef), Guoba Roupian 锅巴肉片(sizzling pork fillets over rice crust), and Mapo Doufu 麻婆豆腐(prickly spicy bean curd).
The Zhangcha Duck 樟茶鸭
Ducklings are pickled（腌制的） and then smoked（熏制的）with camphor and tea leaves before getting steamed and fried (以嫩鸭为原料，经腌制后，用香樟树叶、茶叶熏烤，又经蒸、炸等工序制成). The ducks remain whole till they are done, which look golden red and taste tenderly crispy, with unique fragrance.
Mapo Doufu 麻婆豆腐
The ingredients include bean curd, preserved bean paste, minced beef, chili powder, Chinese prickly ash and other seasonings (以豆腐为原料，配豆瓣酱、牛肉末、干辣椒粉、花椒等调味品). The combination of the richly spicy flavor and the tenderness of bean curd proves to be quite an appetizing combination，and the century-old Mapo Doufu 麻婆豆腐has long been a popular home dish.
Chinese Liquor 中国酒
As early as over 1300 years ago, China’s brewing technology（酿造技艺） was already quite advanced. We can see that the majority of the country’s archeological excavations are of drinking utensils (在挖掘出的古代文物中，有不少是饮酒器皿). Since ancient times drinking has been indispensible part of holidays and celebrations in China. Based on the variety of brewing technology and materials used, the Chinese liquor are classified as: yellow wine黄酒, white liquor白酒 (distilled spirit), grape wine, and beer.
Yellow Wine 黄酒
Yellow wine is made from grain, which is low in alcohol and high in nutrition. It is mainly produced along the downstream of Yangtze River. The better known brands include Zhuangyuanhong 状元红, Hudiao 花雕, all made in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 浙江绍兴.
White Liquor 白酒
In making white liquor, either grain or potatoes are used. They are made with the whole process of saccharification, fermentation and distillation (白酒用谷物或薯类经过糖化、发酵、蒸馏而成). As a traditional way of wine making, white liquor is made all over the country, with that from Guizhou, Sichuan and Shanxi leading the way.
Maotai Liquor 茅台酒
Maotai liquor, made in Maotai town, Huairen City, Guizhou Province贵州省怀仁市茅台镇, has enjoyed its fame for 280 years. It’s a world-famous brand for its clarity and aromatic soft flavor (茅台酒晶莹剔透，口感醇厚柔和，没有烈性刺激感，是享誉国内外的名酒).
Chinese Tea 中国茶
In China, tea-drinking is part of the Chinese culture: Tea Culture. To drink tea is not only a way of life, it is also a custom (喝茶不仅是人们生活中的一种习惯，也是待客的一种习俗). Teahouses where tea-drinkers could also socialize and entertain themselves are all over the country.
Tea-sauteing (炒茶), the important part of tea processing, determines the quality of the product.
The Home of Tea 茶叶的故乡
Processed tea leaves picked from tea trees become the tea we prepare with water and then drink (茶是一种植物，称茶树，它的芽叶经过加工就成了可供冲泡的茶叶). Originally a product of China, tea was exported to parts of Asia as early as some 1500 years ago, and it arrived in Europe about 400 years ago.
Varieties of Tea 茶叶的品种
With different ways of processing, tea can be classified into such varieties as green tea （绿茶）, black tea （红茶）, oolong tea （乌龙茶）, and scented tea（花茶） , etc. and under each category, there’re different brand names such as the Xihu Longjing （西湖龙井）(West Lake Longjing Tea, green tea produced in Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Biluochun （碧螺春）(green tea, produced in Jiangsu Prov.).
Tea Ceremony 茶艺
In the Chinese tea culture, there are certain rituals and rules to follow, either at the stage of preparing, drinking or treating a guest (沏茶，敬茶，饮茶). There’s also a set of criteria for the quality of water, tea, and tea-making utensils.
Traditional Chinese Opera 中国戏曲
Traditional Chinese opera (戏曲) is a popular form of drama and musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is a composite performance art（综合表演艺术） that is an amalgamation of various art forms（艺术形式） that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more than a thousand years, reaching its mature form in the 13th century during the Song Dynasty. Early forms of Chinese theater are simple, but over time they incorporated various art forms, such as music, song and dance, martial arts, acrobatics, as well as literary art forms to become traditional Chinese opera.
Regional branches of traditional Chinese opera 中国戏曲流派
There are numerous regional branches of traditional Chinese opera, including the Beijing opera（京剧）, Shaoxing opera（越戏）, Cantonese opera（粤剧） and kunqu（昆曲） and Lvju（吕剧）.
Beijing Opera 京剧
Peking opera, or Beijing opera (京剧), is a form of Chinese opera which combines music, vocal performance(唱腔）, mime（表演动作）, dance and acrobatics（杂技）. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Major performance troupes are based in Beijing and Tianjin in the north and Shanghai in the south. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guójù (国剧). It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.
Classification of roles on the Peking Opera stage京剧角色
The roles on the Peking Opera stage fall into four major roles-Sheng (生), Dan (旦), Jing (净), Chou (丑).
Sheng (生): refer to men, divided into Laosheng (老生)，Xiaosheng (小生)，Wusheng (武生)
Dan (旦): Old women were played by laodan(老旦), martial women were wudan(武旦), young female warriors were daomadan (刀马旦), virtuous and elite women were qingyi（青衣）, and vivacious and unmarried women were huadan(花旦).
Jing (净): refer to painted-face role, know popularly as Hualian, divided into Zhengjing (正净), Fujing (副净), Wujing (武净), Maojing (毛净)
Chou (丑): refer to painted-face role, know popularly as Xiao hualian, divided into Wenchou (文丑), Wuchou (武丑), Nüchou (女丑)
Types of facial makeup 京剧脸谱
Peking Opera uses different colours in facial make-up to exaggerate or distort a performers' features. Different colours can also distinguish nobility from the common folk, goodness from evil or loyalty from treachery.
Red is the colour of loyalty, integrity and courage; 红色脸 象征忠义、耿直、有血性，如：“三国戏”里的关羽、《斩经堂》里的吴汉。
black suggests a serious and taciturn disposition, including strength and roughness; 黑色脸既表现性格严肃，不苟言笑，又象征威武有力、粗鲁豪爽，
white reveals a crafty and suspicious character. 白色脸 表现奸诈多疑。
purple is a symbol of solemnity, serenity and a sense of justice; 紫色脸 表现肃穆、稳重，富有正义感，
yellow represents intelligence and calculation or bravery when used in warrior roles; 黄色脸表示智慧，有心计，或是勇猛。
blue shows uprightness and stubbornness; 蓝色脸表现性格刚直，桀骜不驯
green indicates bravery and irascibility; 绿色脸 勇猛，莽撞。
gold and silver are sometimes used on the faces of immortals, demons and monsters. 金银色脸象征威武庄严，用于表现佛祖和神仙一类角色。
Cantonese opera 粵剧
The Cantonese opera (粵剧) is one of the major categories in Chinese opera, originating in southern China's Guangdong Province. It is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau and among the Chinese community in Southeast Asia. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics, and acting.
The opera was brought from the northern part of China and slowly migrated to the southern province of Guangdong in late 13th century, during the late Southern Song dynasty. In the 12th century, there was a theatrical form called the Nanxi or "Southern drama"(南戏）, which was performed in public theatres of Hangzhou, then capital of the Southern Song. With the invasion of the Mongol army, Emperor Gong of the Song dynasty fled with hundreds of thousands of Song people into Guangdong in 1276. Among them were Nanxi performers from Zhejiang, who brought Nanxi into Guangdong and helped develop the opera traditions in the south.
Shaoxing opera 越剧
Shaoxing opera, also known as Yue opera, is the second most popular opera form out of over 360 opera genres in China.[1] Originating in Shengzhou（嵊州）, Zhejiang Province in 1906, Yue opera features actresses in male roles（反串）, as well as femininity in terms of singing, performing, and staging. Over time, it grew in popularity. It is highly popular in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Fujian, while its audiences are all over China.
Kunqu/Kun Opera 昆曲
Kunqu (昆曲), also known as Kunju (昆剧), Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from the Kunshan melody, and dominated Chinese theatre from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The style originated in the Wu cultural area（吴文化地区）.
Huangmei Opera 黄梅戏
Huangmei opera or Huangmei tone (黃梅戏 或 黃梅调) originated as a form of rural folksong（民歌） and dance that has been in existence for the last 200 years and possibly longer. Huangmei opera is one of the most famous and mainstream opera in China (others are Beijing opera, Yue opera, Pin opera and Yu opera). The original Huangmei opera was sung by women when they were picking tea, and the opera was called the Picking Tea Song（采茶歌）. In the late Qing dynasty, the songs came into Anhui Province—Huaining County adjacent regions, combined with the local folk art（地方民间艺术）, Anqing dialect（安庆方言）with singing and chants, and gradually developed into a newborn's operas. Today it is more of a traditional performance art with efforts of revival in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and mostly sung in Mandarin.
Sichuanese opera川剧
Sichuanese opera (川剧) is a type of Chinese opera originating in China's Sichuan province around 1700. Today's Sichuan opera is a relatively recent synthesis（合成） of 5 historic melodic styles. Regionally Chengdu remains to be the main home of Sichuanese opera, while other influential locales include Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei and Taiwan.
Pear Garden 梨园
The Pear Garden or Líyuán (梨园) was the first known royal acting and musical academy（皇家表演和音乐学府） in China founded during the Tang dynasty by Emperor Xuanzong (712–755). It is an example of an historically early institutional academy of music（音乐学府）.The performers formed what may be considered the first known opera troupe in China, and mostly performed for the emperors' personal pleasure.
Actors are commonly called "Children of the Pear Garden" or “Disciples of the Pear Garden”（梨园弟子）, and in later dynasties the phrase "Pear Garden" was used to refer to the world of Chinese opera in general.
来源：维基百科及网络资料